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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Basel problem ： ウィキペディア英語版 Basel problem The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734 and read on 5 December 1735 in ''The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences'' ((ロシア語:Петербургская Академия наук)).〔(E41 -- De summis serierum reciprocarum )〕 Since the problem had withstood the attacks of the leading mathematicians of the day, Euler's solution brought him immediate fame when he was twenty-eight. Euler generalised the problem considerably, and his ideas were taken up years later by Bernhard Riemann in his seminal 1859 paper ''On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude'', in which he defined his zeta function and proved its basic properties. The problem is named after Basel, hometown of Euler as well as of the Bernoulli family who unsuccessfully attacked the problem. The Basel problem asks for the precise summation of the reciprocals of the squares of the natural numbers, i.e. the precise sum of the infinite series: :$\backslash sum\_^\backslash infty\; \backslash frac\; =\; \backslash lim\_\backslash left(\backslash frac\; +\; \backslash frac\; +\; \backslash cdots\; +\; \backslash frac\backslash right).$ The sum of the series is approximately equal to 1.644934 . The Basel problem asks for the ''exact'' sum of this series (in closed form), as well as a proof that this sum is correct. Euler found the exact sum to be $\backslash frac$ and announced this discovery in 1735. His arguments were based on manipulations that were not justified at the time, and it was not until 1741 that he was able to produce a truly rigorous proof. ==Euler's approach== Euler's original derivation of the value ''π''2/6 essentially extended observations about finite polynomials and assumed that these same properties hold true for infinite series. Of course, Euler's original reasoning requires justification (100 years later, Weierstrass proved that Euler's representation of the sine function as an infinite product is correct, see: Weierstrass factorization theorem), but even without justification, by simply obtaining the correct value, he was able to verify it numerically against partial sums of the series. The agreement he observed gave him sufficient confidence to announce his result to the mathematical community. To follow Euler's argument, recall the Taylor series expansion of the sine function :$\backslash sin(x)\; =\; x\; -\; \backslash frac\; +\; \backslash frac\; -\; \backslash frac\; +\; \backslash cdots.$ Dividing through by ''x'', we have :$\backslash frac\; =\; 1\; -\; \backslash frac\; +\; \backslash frac\; -\; \backslash frac\; +\; \backslash cdots.$ Using the Weierstrass factorization theorem, it can also be shown that the left-hand side is the product of linear factors given by its roots, just as we do for finite polynomials (which Euler assumed, but is not always true): :$\backslash begin$ \frac &= \left(1 - \frac\right)\left(1 + \frac\right)\left(1 - \frac\right)\left(1 + \frac\right)\left(1 - \frac\right)\left(1 + \frac\right) \cdots \\ &= \left(1 - \frac\right)\left(1 - \frac\right)\left(1 - \frac\right) \cdots. \end If we formally multiply out this product and collect all the ''x''2 terms (we are allowed to do so because of Newton's identities), we see that the ''x''2 coefficient of sin(''x'')/''x'' is :$$ -\left(\frac + \frac + \frac + \cdots \right) = -\frac\sum_^\frac. But from the original infinite series expansion of sin(''x'')/''x'', the coefficient of ''x''2 is −1/(3!) = −1/6. These two coefficients must be equal; thus, :$-\backslash frac\; =\; -\backslash frac\backslash sum\_^\backslash frac.$ Multiplying through both sides of this equation by $-\backslash pi^2$ gives the sum of the reciprocals of the positive square integers. :$\backslash sum\_^\backslash frac\; =\; \backslash frac.$ 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Basel problem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.